The Evolution of Santa Claus

Technorati Tags: Holidays,Christmas,history,Santa Claus

 

A Man Named Nicholas

In the fourth century AD, a man named Nicholas became the bishop of a village called Myra in what is now Turkey. That’s about all we know about him. Nevertheless, Bishop Nicholas of Myra was later canonized and went on toe become the most popular saint in all Christianity. He is the guardian saint of Russia, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, and Greece. He is the patron saint of children, virgins, pawnbrokers, pirates, thieves, brewers, pilgrims, fishermen, barrel makers, dyers, butchers, meatpackers, and haberdashers. He has more churches named after him than any of the apostles. And he has evolved into one of the best-known characters in the world – the fat, jolly, red-suited Santa Claus who delivers presents on Christmas Eve, St. Nick.

How did that happen? It took centuries.

 

Making a Saint

It’s a pretty safe guess that the real Nicholas of Myra was a kind and generous man, because most of the legends attributed to him describe kind acts toward children. Here are two of the most famous:

The Three Daughters. Nicholas was walking past a house when he overheard a man telling his three daughters that he was selling them into prostitution because he didn’t have enough money for the dowries that would make them desirable wives. Later that night, Nicholas snuck back to the house and threw a bag of gold through a window. He did the same thing the following night, and then again the third night, providing enough gold for all three daughters’ dowries. (According to a later version of the story, one of the bags landed in a stocking that was hanging out to dry over the fireplace.)

Because of this, he became the patron saint of young brides and unmarried women. And because he delivered financial aid at a time when the girls needed it the most, pawnbrokers made him their patron saint. To this day, the symbol of the pawnbrokers trade is three balls of gold – a spinoff of St. Nick’s three bags of gold.

The Three Boys. For centuries, it was common to paint St. Nicholas holding his three bags of gold. But not every artist painted them well . . . and at some point during the Middle Ages, artists painting new pictures of the saint began mistaking the bags for three human heads. To explain this image, a second legend evolved. According to this tale, St. Nicholas checked into an inn during a terrible famine and was surprised when the innkeeper served him meat – which had been unobtainable for months – for dinner. Suspecting the worst, Nicholas snuck down into the cellar and found the pickled bodies of three murdered young boys floating in a barrel. He restored the boys to life and helped them escape.

 

St. Nick And Kids

These tales helped make St. Nick the patron saint of children. And to honor him, Europeans began giving gifts to their children on the eve of the feast of St. Nicholas, which fell on December 6. Nicholas was especially popular in Holland. The Dutch St. Nick was tall and gaunt, wore the traditional dress of a bishop, including the pointed bishop’s hat (a mitre), and carried a large shepherd’s staff. He also rode on a donkey, not in a sleigh. Later, it became a white horse. On St. Nicholas’s Eve, children left shoes filled with straw for the donkey, and my morning the straw was gone and their shoes were filled with presents.

 

St. Nick Arrives In America

In 1664, the flourishing Dutch colony of New Amsterdam was taken over by the British forces – who renamed it “New York” after the Duke of York. For the next 200 years or so, the Dutch citizens of the colony waged a losing battle to preserve what was left of their culture and traditions. One of the most active groups was an association of Dutch intellectuals who called themselves the “Knickerbockers.”

 

Father Knickerbockers

Writer Washington Irving was a member of the group, and in 1809 he published a satirical version of Dutch traditions in a book called The Knickerbocker’s history of New York. It contained several dozen references to “Sinter Klaus” (an adaptation of “Sint Nikolass”), including a tale of how he flew across the sky in a wagon and dropped presents down chimneys for good little girls and boys – not just on Christmas, but on any day he felt like it.

Irving “created a new popularity for the bishop,” Teresa Chris writes in The Story of Santa Claus. “He saw Saint Nicholas in America not in clerical robes, but as a jolly fellow, like the good Dutch burghers.” And New Yorkers loved the image.

Irving’s description of the saint rapidly became known to New Yorkers. The English settlers enthusiastically adopted the joyful Dutch celebrations of St. Nicholas’ Day, but they gradually merged them with their own traditions of celebrating Christmas or the New Year. It is not hard to see how Sinter Klass became Santa Claus in the mouths of the English-speaking New Yorkers.

Santa’s Helper: Clement Clarke Moore

The most important contributor to the modern image of Santa was a professor of divinity in new York – Dr. Clement Clarke Moore. When Moore, a friend of Washington Irving, sat down to write his children a Christmas poem in 1822, he was heavily influenced by Irving’s vision of Sinter Klass and his flying wagon and gift-giving. But Moore made a few alterations to make the story more believable. For example, Chris writes, “The clogs that the Dutch children left in the chimney corner on December 6 became something all children could relate to in cold weather – stockings.” And the wagon became a “miniature sleigh” pulled by “eight tiny reindeer.”

The sleigh and horse with its bells was a common means of transport in New England . . . And for it to be pulled by reindeer gave St. Nick an exotic link with the far North – a land of cold and snow where few, if any people traveled and hence was mysterious and remote.

Moore described Santa as a dwarfish “jolly old elf,” dressed in furs, who goes down chimneys to give children their gifts. Moore even gave the reindeer names: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donder, and Blitzen. Other Christmas stories had portrayed Saint Nicholas on a white horse, or with one or two reindeer – one version even had him in a cart pulled by a goat – but Moore’s account was so vivid and compelling that it became the standard.

 

Reluctant Hero

Moore never intended for anyone other than his children to hear A Visit From Saint Nicholas – in fact, for more than 20 years he refused to admit he was the author (apparently because he was afraid it would damage his standing in the stuffy academic community of the 19^th century). But his wife liked the story so much that she sent copies to her friends . . . and somehow the poem wound up printed anonymously in the Troy, New York, Sentinel on December 23, 1823. It eventually became known as The Night Before Christmas. It was so popular that within a decade it had become a central part of the Santa legend . . . as well as the best-known poem in American history.

Now Santa had a personality and a mission, and was permanently linked to Christmas. But what did he look like?

 

Santa’s Helper: Thomas Nast

In the mid-1800s, it was popular to draw St. Nick either in his bishop’s robes or as a man with a pointed hat, a long coat, and straight beard. Sometimes he even had black hair. This changed in 1863, when Harper’s Weekly hired 21-year-old Thomas Nast to draw a picture of Santa Claus bringing gifts to Union troops fighting the Civil War. The Santa that Nast drew combined clement Moore’s description of St. Nicholas in his poem, “Twas the Night Before Christmas” with, believe it or not . . . Uncle Sam. Nast’s Santa was a jolly, roly-poly old man who wore a star-spangled jacket, striped pants, and a cap.

“The drawing boosted the spirits of soldiers and civilians alike because it showed that the spirit of Christmas had come to the Civil War,” says historian James I. Robertson. It was so popular that every year, for 40 years, when the magazine asked Nast to draw Santa, he stuck to the same concept – although he did drop the stars and stripes in favor of a plain wool suit. “Hence,” Robinson says, “the American Santa Claus took shape by repetition. We just became accustomed to this same figure.”

 

A Growing Image

Nast added new little details every Christmas: one year he showed Santa pouring over a list of naughty and nice children; another year showed him in a toy workshop in the North Pole. Nast also went on to become the most famous political cartoonist of the 19^th century – he’s responsible for giving the Democratic Party its donkey and the Republican Party its elephant – but his Santa drawings are his best remembered works.

In fact, Nast almost singlehandedly established the Santa “image” as it is today . . . except in one major area: the color of his suit. That was a product of Coca-Cola.

 

Santa’s Helper: Haddon Sundblom

In 1931, the Coca-Cola company hired an artist named Haddon Sundblom to create the artwork for a massive Christmas advertising campaign they were preparing. Until then, the soda was primarily a summer drink, with sales dropping off sharply in the cooler winter months. Coke hoped to reverse this trend by somehow linking the drink to the winter holidays . . . and they decided the most effective way to do that would be to make Santa a Coke drinker. Sundblom was told to create a painting of Mr. Claus that the company could use in magazine advertisements.

Sundblom’s first brainstorm was to dump Nast’s black-and-white Santa suit in favor of one in Coca-cola red and white. Then he managed to find a real-life retired Coca-Cola sales rep named Lou Prentice who looked so much like Santa that he could be used as a model. “Prior to the Sundblom illustrations,” Mark Pendergrast writes in For God, Country and Coca-Cola, “the Christmas saint had been variously illustrated wearing blue, yellow, green, or red . . . . After the soft drink ads, Santa would forever more be a huge, fat, relentlessly happy man with broad belt and black hip boots – and he would wear Coca-Cola red . . . . While Coca-Cola has had a subtle, pervasive influence on our culture, it has directly shaped the way we thing of Santa.

 

Santa’s Helper: Robert May

More commercial influence: In 1919, Montgomery Ward hired ad man Robert May to write a Christmas poem that their department store Santa’s could give away during the holiday season. He came up with one he called “Rollo the Red-Nosed Reindeer.” Executives of the company accepted it, but didn’t like the name Rollo. So May renamed the reindeer Reginald – the only name he could think of that preserved the poem’s rhythm. Montgomery Ward rejected that name, too. Try as he might, May couldn’t come up with another name that fit – until his four year-old daughter suggested Rudolph. The rest is history. When the poem was put to music and recorded by singing cowboy Gene Autry, it became the second-bestselling single in history.

 

Jacksonville, FL

It was more “Bah, humbug,” than “Ho, ho, ho,” when a surly Santa Claus told a six year old boy he wasn’t getting any presents and challenged the kid’s dad to a fight. “Santa Claus doesn’t like Gator fans,” Santa told the boy, according to his father, Chip Crabtree. “Santa Claus wishes that Florida State would beat the Gators in the Sugar Bowl.” The Seminole fan in Santa apparently came out when he spotted the Gators sweatshirt Crabtree’s wife, Lori, was wearing when the couple brought their boys – ages 2, 4, and 6 – to the mall Friday. When Crabtree and his wife said he was being rude, the less-than-cheerful old soul got rid of the kid on his lap and stood up to poke his white-gloved finger into Crabtree’s chest.

“You want to do something about it, right now, pal? Right here on stage?” Santa said, according to Crabtree. Crabtree said he didn’t. Then mall security jumped in, Crabtree said “I’m out of here,” and Santa walked off the job, stunning the other children in line. Mall officials apologized for the clash, and said they didn’t know the grumpy Santa’s real name. Crabtree later told his boys that wasn’t the real Santa at the mall. His six-year-old already knew: “There wasn’t any magic in his eyes.”

 

Painesville, Ohio

A woman who took her grandchildren to see the movie “The Santa Clause” was out for some good family fun. The fun ended when the children called an 800 number mentioned in the movie and were connected to a sex line. “I don’t think children need to be exposed to that,” said Shirley Dearth of Concord Township, about 25 miles east of Cleveland. Dearth took her seven year old granddaughter and nine-year-old grandson on Monday to see the PG-rated Walt Disney film starring Tim Allen. In the movie, Allen’s ex-wife wants to give him her phone number. He quips, “What is it? 1-800-SPANK ME?”

When Dearth’s grandchildren wanted to call the toll free number, she let them, thinking it probably don’t exist. The children put it on the phone’s speaker so she could hear. “Hi, sexy! You’ve just connected to the hottest phone line in America, brought to you by American TelNet,” said a recording of a sultry woman’s voice. “Our one-of-a-kind service lets you choose your own phone fantasy.” Said Disney spokesman Howard Green, “I can’t imagine that people would call that number . . . . If it exists, it’s a coincidence.”

 

Milwaukee

Santa Claus would have to pay premium prices for life insurance because of his weight and aerial deliveries, an insurance company said. But unlike cigarette smokers, he would not be penalized for pipe smoking, Northwester Mutual Life Insurance Company said. While pilots are acceptable risks, “Santa might pay a hefty extra premium for those rooftop drops,” the company said. It also said there would be a “further modest premium” for his “chubby and plump” girth. Exactly what his premium would be could not be calculated since costs are based on age and Santa “after all, is ageless.”

 

Glasgow, Scotland

Chinese-made Santa Claus dolls on sale in Scotland play music, light up – and may explode, Scottish safety officers warned. The “Christmas in Motion Musical Santa with Lite-up Candle” is battery-operated but comes with an electronic transformer that experts say is easily overloaded. “Once the transformer was switched on, according to one consumer who bought the musical Santa, it exploded and sprayed him with the contents of the batteries,” said trading standards director Bruce collier. The man was not seriously hurt. Police responsible for enforcing trading standards urged buyers Tuesday to return the Chinese-made Santa’s to shops for a refund.

 

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Such A Clatter

Who Wrote “The Night Before Christmas”?

Technorati Tags: Holidays,Christmas,poem,Santa Claus

 

Clement C. Moore has long been credited with writing the once-anonymous Christmas classic. However, some scholars now believe that the real author was probably somebody else. Here’s the story.

You may not know the title, “A Visit from St. Nicholas,” but you know the poem. It’s the one that begins: “Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house . . . . “ It was an important poem in that it largely created our view of who Santa Claus is.

For centuries, Saint Nicholas had been portrayed as a stern churchman bringing whippings and punishment as often as gifts. However, in the 19^th century, the image started shifting. In 1812, Washington Irving wrote about the Dutch tradition of Santa Claus “riding over the tops of the trees, in that selfsame wagon wherein he brings his yearly presents to children.” In 1821, William Gilley, a New York printer, published a short poem about “Santeclaus,” who drove a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Finally, in 1823, the Troy (NY) Sentinel published “An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas,” in which Santa was first depicted as a jolly fat man having eight flying reindeer and a proclivity for coming down stocking-hung chimneys with gifts.

The poem was published anonymously, and would remain so for years afterward through several reprinting. Until recently, the story that has long been accepted is that Clement Clarke Moore – a wealthy academic who dabbled in Greek and Latin, Bible studies, politics, and poetry – had written it a year earlier on Christmas Eve. According to the story, a family friend had given it to the newspaper anonymously so that the ever-so-serious Moore would be spared the embarrassment of having written such a frivolous poem. Finally, 21 years later – after the poem had been reprinted several times – Moore stepped forward to claim credit for it.

But was he taking credit for someone else’s work? According to descendants of another New York amateur poet, Moore was a fraud. They say their ancestor, Henry Livingston, a farmer and surveyor, was the true author of “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” According to the recollections of Livingston’s children and a neighbor, Livingston had rad the poem to them in 1808, fifteen years before it was published anonymously.

The Livingston’s have gotten some powerful support from Don Foster, an expert in analyzing the stylistic quirks that are every author’s trademark. He is best known of identifying Shakespeare as the author of an anonymous poem and outing political writer Joe Klein as the anonymous author of Primary Colors.

According to Foster:

• Clement Moore was a grouch whose poems were full of stern, moralistic cant. He never would’ve written such a playful, child-friendly poem. For example, a St. Nicholas poem he wrote for his own daughter threatened that her “screeches and screams, so loud every day / Were near driving me and my goodies away . . . . “

________________________________

FROM SAINT NICHOLAS

(A genuine Santa Claus poem by Clement C. Moore)

What! My sweet little Sis, in bed all alone;

No light in you room! And your nursy too gone!

And you, like a good child, are quietly lying,

While some naughty ones would be fretting or crying?

Well, for this you must have something pretty, my dear;

And, I hope, you deserve a reward too next year.

But speaking of crying, I’m sorry to say

Your screeches and screams, so loud ev’ry day,

Were near driving me and my goodies away.

Good children I always give good things in plenty;

How sad to have left your stocking quite empty;

But you are beginning so nicely to spell,

And, in going to bed, behave always so well,

That, although I too oft see the tear in your eye,

I cannot resolve to pass you quite by.

I hope, when I come here again the next year,

I shall not see even the sign of a tear.

And then, if you get back your sweet pleasant looks,

And do as you’re bid, I will leave you some books,

Some toys, or perhaps what you still may like better,

And then too may write you a prettier letter.

At present, my dear, I must bid you good bye;

Now, do as you’re bid; and, remember, don’t cry.

________________________________

•  
• Moore condemned “immodest verse” without a moral that had “no other recommendations that the glow of its expressions and the tinkling of its syllables, or the wanton allurement of the ideas that it conveys.”
• Moore condemned tobacco as “opium’s treacherous aid,” yet the poem’s Santa enjoyed a pipe.
• Moore’s only original contribution, according to Foster, was to screw up the names of two reindeer. They had originally been named “Dunder and Blixem,” a common Dutch expression meaning “thunder and lightning.” Livingston spoke Dutch; Moore did not. When Clement republished the poem under his own name he changed the names to “Donder and Blitzen.”
• In 1844, Moore contacted the Troy Sentinel to ask if anybody could identify the author. He was told that the staff members who had known anything about the origins of the poem had died more than a decade earlier. Shortly after, Moore published the poem as his own in a collection of his poetry.
• Livingston, on the other hand, wrote lighthearted poems with some interesting stylistic quirks. One of them was that he often wrote in the anapestic meter, emphasizing every third syllable (“da da DUM da da DUM da da DUM”), as seen in “A Visit from St. Nicholas.” His annual Christmas poem was always written in the anapestic form. More, on the other hand, used anapestic meter in only one known poem.
• Livingston’s poems often had the unusual quirk of using all as an adverb. So does this poem, in phrases like “all through the house,” “all snug in their beds,” and “dressed all in fur.”
• At a time when most people said “Merry Christmas,” Livingston habitually used “Happy Christmas” in his writings. So does Santa in this poem.
• Livingston tended to use an extravagant number of exclamation marks. More almost never used them. The use in the roll call of reindeer is “vintage Livingston,” said Foster.
• Finally, Livingston was know for populating his poems with flying creatures, fairies, animals and people. He considered himself an expert on Lapland’s reindeer. And his Dutch heritage gave him the legend of “Sin Nikolass” with his annual visits with gifts.

________________________________

EPITHALAMIUM

(A poem example by Henry Livingston)

‘Twas summer, when softly the breezes were blowing,

And Hudson majestic so sweetly was flowing,

The groves rang with music and accents of pleasure

And nature in rapture beat time to the measure,

When Helen and Jonas, so true and so loving,

Along the green lawn were seen arm in arm moving,

Sweet daffodils, violets and roses spontaneous

Wherever they wandered sprang up instantaneous.

The ascent the lovers at length were seen climbing

Whose summit is grac’d by the temple of Hymen:

The genius presiding no sooner perceived them

But, spreading his pinions, he flew to receive them;

With kindest of greetings pronounced them well come

While holidays clangor rang loud to the welkin.

 

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Account Of A Visit From St Nicholas

(As published in the Troy Sentinel, December 23, 1823)

 

Technorati Tags: Christmas,poem,St Nicholas,history,original

 

‘Twas the night before Christmas, when all thro’ the house,

Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse;

The stockings were hung by the chimney with care,

In hopes that St. Nicholas soon would be there;

The children were nestled all snug in their beds,

While visions of sugar plums danc’d in their heads,

And Mama in her ‘kerchief, and I in my cap,

Had just settled our brains fro a long winter’s nap –

When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter,

I sprang from the bed to see what was the matter.

Away to the window I flew like a flash,

Tore open the shutters, and threw up the sash.

The moon on the breast of the new fallen snow,

Gave the luster of mid-day to objects below;

When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,

But a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,

With a little old driver, so lively and quick,

I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.

More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,

And he whistled, and shouted, and call’d them by name:

“Now! Dasher, now! Dancer, now! Prancer, and Vixen,

“On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Dunder and Blixem;

“To the top of the porch! To the top of the wall!

“Now dash way! Dash away! Dash away all!”

As dry leaves before the wild hurricane fly,

When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;

So up to the house-top the coursers they flew,

With the sleigh full of toys – and St. Nicholas too:

And then in a twinkling, I heard on the roof.

As I drew in my head, and was turning around,

Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a bound:

He was dress’d all in fur, from his head to his foot,

And his clothes were all tarnish’d with ashes and soot;

A bundle of toys was flung on his back,

And he look’d like a peddler just opening his pack:

His eyes – how they twinkled! His dimples how merry,

His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry;

His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,

And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow;

The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,

And the smoke it encircled his head like a wreath.

He had a broad face, and a little round belly

That shook when he laugh’d, like a bowl full of jelly:

He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf,

And I laugh’d when I saw him in spite of myself;

A wink of his eye and a twist of his head

Soon gave me to know I had nothing to dread.

He spoke not a word, but went straight to his work,

And fill’d all the stockings; then turn’d with a jerk,

And laying his finger aside of his nose

And giving a nod, up the chimney he rose.

He sprung to his sleigh, to his team gave a whistle,

And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle:

And away they all flew, like the down of a thistle:

But I heard him exclaim, ere he drove out of sight –

Happy Christmas to all, and to all a good night.

 

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